Usually they operate pointing to the zenith, but an increasing number of them have nowadays scanning units, that allow to retrieve additional information such as volume information when performing various Range Height Indicator (RHI) scans at different angles and at a relatively high speed, and vertical wind profiles, when performing plan position indicator (PPI) at few degrees from the zenith. Most of the cloud radars are polarimetric, being able to measure the particles irregularity by means of the linear depolarization ratio ( LDR). The maximum detection range is between 14 and 20 km and the Doppler velocity resolution is of few cm/s. 4 m for the Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) 94 GHz cloud radar operating at UK Met Office), to several meters for magnetron based cloud radars (e.g. Millimeter cloud radars have a high temporal and range resolution: temporal resolution is adjustable and typically ranges from 1 to 10 seconds, while the range resolution ranges from a few meters for cloud radars using frequency modulation of the transmitted signal (e.g. These frequencies correspond to wavelengths around 8 and 3 mm. They typically operate at 35 GHz in the Ka band and at 94 GHz in the W band, where the atmospheric transmission is maximum. ![]() ![]() The main purpose of these radars is the investigation of cloud properties and evolution. Purpose Table 1: Millimetre cloud radar operating bands Band name Accordingly, their wavelengths range from 1 mm to 1.11 cm, about ten times shorter than those used in conventional S band radars such as NEXRAD. Millimeter-wave cloud radars, also denominated cloud radars, are radar systems designed to monitor clouds with operating frequencies between 24 and 110 GHz (Table 1). ![]() ARM Millimeter Cloud Radar (MMCR) operating at 35 GHz
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